Sangeetham is an rndian term for Music. A group of musical sounds, which are called swaras that give melody and pleasant feelings to the ears, is called Sangeetham.
Ancient writers hold the view that vocal music, instrumental music and dance together constituted sangeetham. Later, dance was separated from the first two.
Shruthi is an audible sound which can be heard distinctly. rt is a musical sound which a well trained human ear is capable of distinguishing. rt is the Key note or Adhara Shadjam, based on which all other Swaras are derived.
Swara is a musical note which is pleasing to the ears. There are seven basic swaras, known as Saptha Swaras. They are -
1. Shadjam (shortly - Sa)
2. Rishabham (Ri)
3. Ghandaram (Ga)
4. Madhyamam (Ma)
5. Panchamam (Pa)
6. Dhaivatham (Dha)
7. Nishadham (Ni)
Dwadasa Swarasthanas
Out of the seven swaras, Shadjam (Sa) and Panchamam (Pa) are constant. They are called Achala Swaras. The remaining five swaras admit varieties and they are called Chala Swaras. rn combination, both Achala and Chala swaras yield 12 different musical notes and they are called Dwadhasa Swarasthanas.
The Dwadasa Swarasthanas are -
1. Shadjam......................................Sa
2. Suddha Rishabam.......................Su Ri
3. Chatusruthi Rishabam.................Cha Ri
4. Sadharana Gandharam...............Sa Ga
5. Anthara Ghandaram...................An Ga
6. Suddha Madhyamam..................Su Ma
7. Prathi Madhyamam.....................Pra Ma
8. Panchamam................................Pa
9. Suddha Dhaivatham...................Su Dha
10.Chatusruthi Dhaivatham.............Cha Dha
11.Kaisiki Nishadham......................Kai Ni
12.Kakali Nishadham.......................Ka Ni2
Arohana – Series of Swaras in the ascending order of pitch.
Avarohana – Series of swaras in the descending order of pitch.
Moorchana – Arohana and Avarohana together, is called Moorchana
Sthayi – A series of swaras, beginning with Sa and ending with Ni, is called Sthayi.
There are Five Sthayis.
1. Anumandra Sthayi
2. Mandra Sthayi
3. Madhya Sthayi
4. Tara Sthayi
5. Ati-Tara Sthayi
The Sthayi in which we normally sing is the madhya sthayi. The swaras following the upper Shadjam of madhya shtayi are in Tara Sthayi, and the swaras following upper shadjam of tara sthayi are in Ati-Tara Stayi. The Sthayi preceding Madhya stayi is the Madhra sthayi, and the swaras preceding the Mandhra Stayi Shadjam are in Anumandra stayi.
Purvanga – The group of first four swaras of the Saptha Swaras – Sa, Ri, Ga,Ma – is known as the Purvanga.
Uttharanga – The group of last three notes – Pa Dha Ni – is known as Uttharanga.
Dhathu – The swara part of the musical composition is known as Dhathu.
Mathu – The sahitya part of a musical composition is known as Mathu.
Akshara Kala – Unit time in music is called Akshara Kala.
Thrikaala – Kala is refers to the speed of the musical piece. There are Three Kalas,
1. Prathama Kala – First degree of speed. One note is sung in one Akshara Kala.
2. Dwitiya Kala – Second degree of speed, twice faster than Prathama kala.Two notes are sung in one Akshara Kala.
3. Tritiya Kala – Third degree of speed, twice faster than Dwitiya Kala. Four notes are sung in one Akshara Kala.
Thourya Trikam - Vocal Music, Instrumental Music and Dance, all the three combined together is referred to as Thouryathrikam.
Tala – Musical time or measure.
Avartha – It is the completion of a tala angas or time measure.
Angas, Shadangas – In order to facilitate easy and accurate method of reckoning musical time, six angas have been devised. They are known as Shadangas or six angas. They are
Name of the Anga Sign Number of Aksharas
1. Laghu I 3/4/5/7/9
2. Drutham O 2
3. Anudrutam U 1
4. Guru 8 8
5. Plutam | 12
8
6. Kakapadam + 16
Of the Thalangas, only 3 are widely in use. They are called Principle Thalangas.
Here is the list of Principle Thalangas along with their way of counting
1. Anudrutam (U) – One Beat of the Palm on the lap
2. Drutam (O) – One beat + One wave (usi/visarjitam)
3. Laghu (I) – One beat + Count of the fingers
Jaati – Of the Shadangas, only laghu has variations in number of kriyas. It is called Laghu Jaati bedha. There are 5 Jaatis.
1. Trisra Jaati - 3 Kriyas
2. Chaturasra Jaati - 4 Kriyas
3. Kanda Jaati - 5 Kriyas
4. Misra Jaati - 7 Kriyas
5. Sankeerna Jaati - 9 Kriyas
Sapta Talas – There are seven principle Talas, they are called Sapta Talas.
They are -
Name of the Tala Sign Akshara Kala
1. Dhruva Tala IOII 14
2. Matya Tala IOI 10
3. Rupaka Tala OI 6
4. Jampa Tala I7UO 10
5. Triputa Tala I3OO 7
6. Ata Tala I5I5OO 14
7. Eka Tala I 4
Ancient writers hold the view that vocal music, instrumental music and dance together constituted sangeetham. Later, dance was separated from the first two.
Shruthi is an audible sound which can be heard distinctly. rt is a musical sound which a well trained human ear is capable of distinguishing. rt is the Key note or Adhara Shadjam, based on which all other Swaras are derived.
Swara is a musical note which is pleasing to the ears. There are seven basic swaras, known as Saptha Swaras. They are -
1. Shadjam (shortly - Sa)
2. Rishabham (Ri)
3. Ghandaram (Ga)
4. Madhyamam (Ma)
5. Panchamam (Pa)
6. Dhaivatham (Dha)
7. Nishadham (Ni)
Dwadasa Swarasthanas
Out of the seven swaras, Shadjam (Sa) and Panchamam (Pa) are constant. They are called Achala Swaras. The remaining five swaras admit varieties and they are called Chala Swaras. rn combination, both Achala and Chala swaras yield 12 different musical notes and they are called Dwadhasa Swarasthanas.
The Dwadasa Swarasthanas are -
1. Shadjam......................................Sa
2. Suddha Rishabam.......................Su Ri
3. Chatusruthi Rishabam.................Cha Ri
4. Sadharana Gandharam...............Sa Ga
5. Anthara Ghandaram...................An Ga
6. Suddha Madhyamam..................Su Ma
7. Prathi Madhyamam.....................Pra Ma
8. Panchamam................................Pa
9. Suddha Dhaivatham...................Su Dha
10.Chatusruthi Dhaivatham.............Cha Dha
11.Kaisiki Nishadham......................Kai Ni
12.Kakali Nishadham.......................Ka Ni2
Arohana – Series of Swaras in the ascending order of pitch.
Avarohana – Series of swaras in the descending order of pitch.
Moorchana – Arohana and Avarohana together, is called Moorchana
Sthayi – A series of swaras, beginning with Sa and ending with Ni, is called Sthayi.
There are Five Sthayis.
1. Anumandra Sthayi
2. Mandra Sthayi
3. Madhya Sthayi
4. Tara Sthayi
5. Ati-Tara Sthayi
The Sthayi in which we normally sing is the madhya sthayi. The swaras following the upper Shadjam of madhya shtayi are in Tara Sthayi, and the swaras following upper shadjam of tara sthayi are in Ati-Tara Stayi. The Sthayi preceding Madhya stayi is the Madhra sthayi, and the swaras preceding the Mandhra Stayi Shadjam are in Anumandra stayi.
Purvanga – The group of first four swaras of the Saptha Swaras – Sa, Ri, Ga,Ma – is known as the Purvanga.
Uttharanga – The group of last three notes – Pa Dha Ni – is known as Uttharanga.
Dhathu – The swara part of the musical composition is known as Dhathu.
Mathu – The sahitya part of a musical composition is known as Mathu.
Akshara Kala – Unit time in music is called Akshara Kala.
Thrikaala – Kala is refers to the speed of the musical piece. There are Three Kalas,
1. Prathama Kala – First degree of speed. One note is sung in one Akshara Kala.
2. Dwitiya Kala – Second degree of speed, twice faster than Prathama kala.Two notes are sung in one Akshara Kala.
3. Tritiya Kala – Third degree of speed, twice faster than Dwitiya Kala. Four notes are sung in one Akshara Kala.
Thourya Trikam - Vocal Music, Instrumental Music and Dance, all the three combined together is referred to as Thouryathrikam.
Tala – Musical time or measure.
Avartha – It is the completion of a tala angas or time measure.
Angas, Shadangas – In order to facilitate easy and accurate method of reckoning musical time, six angas have been devised. They are known as Shadangas or six angas. They are
Name of the Anga Sign Number of Aksharas
1. Laghu I 3/4/5/7/9
2. Drutham O 2
3. Anudrutam U 1
4. Guru 8 8
5. Plutam | 12
8
6. Kakapadam + 16
Of the Thalangas, only 3 are widely in use. They are called Principle Thalangas.
Here is the list of Principle Thalangas along with their way of counting
1. Anudrutam (U) – One Beat of the Palm on the lap
2. Drutam (O) – One beat + One wave (usi/visarjitam)
3. Laghu (I) – One beat + Count of the fingers
Jaati – Of the Shadangas, only laghu has variations in number of kriyas. It is called Laghu Jaati bedha. There are 5 Jaatis.
1. Trisra Jaati - 3 Kriyas
2. Chaturasra Jaati - 4 Kriyas
3. Kanda Jaati - 5 Kriyas
4. Misra Jaati - 7 Kriyas
5. Sankeerna Jaati - 9 Kriyas
Sapta Talas – There are seven principle Talas, they are called Sapta Talas.
They are -
Name of the Tala Sign Akshara Kala
1. Dhruva Tala IOII 14
2. Matya Tala IOI 10
3. Rupaka Tala OI 6
4. Jampa Tala I7UO 10
5. Triputa Tala I3OO 7
6. Ata Tala I5I5OO 14
7. Eka Tala I 4
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